Two decades of clear-cutting threats in the Brazilian Amazonian protected areas around the Jirau, Santo Antônio, and Belo Monte large dams.

Deforestation rates in the Amazon have markedly increased in the last few years, affecting non-protected and protected areas (PAs). Brazil is a hotspot of Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) events, with most events associated with infrastructure projects. Despite the threats dams impose on PAs, there is a knowledge gap in assessing deforestation in PAs around large dams in the Amazon. This study investigates how deforestation affects Biodiversity Protection Areas (BioPAs) and Indigenous Lands around the Jirau and Santo Antônio (JSA) dams (Madeira River, Rondônia) and Belo Monte dam (Xingu River, Pará) in the Brazilian Amazon. We compared clear-cutting between PAs and control areas and the annual rates of forest change between pre-dam and post-dam periods. We discussed deforestation-related factors (e.g., PADDD events and the presence of management plans or councils). Our results show an increase in deforestation after the operation of the dams when environmental control from licensing agencies decreases and other political and economic factors are in practice. Indigenous Lands experienced a significant increase in deforestation around the Belo Monte dam, which is associated with the demarcation process and land conflicts. Surrounding the JSA dams, sustainable use BioPAs showed high deforestation rates, and 27 PADDD events were reported, four directly related to dams. In addition to dams, deforestation was associated with the crisis of Brazilian democracy and the weakening of environmental policies. In conclusion, the weak environmental control from environmental licensing agencies during dam operation and PADDD events have contributed to increased deforestation rates and additional stresses in the Amazon.

Structural and biochemical characterization of the M405S variant of Desulfovibrio vulgaris formate dehydrogenase.

Molybdenum- or tungsten-dependent formate dehydrogenases have emerged as significant catalysts for the chemical reduction of CO2 to formate, with biotechnological applications envisaged in climate-change mitigation. The role of Met405 in the active site of Desulfovibrio vulgaris formate dehydrogenase AB (DvFdhAB) has remained elusive. However, its proximity to the metal site and the conformational change that it undergoes between the resting and active forms suggests a functional role. In this work, the M405S variant was engineered, which allowed the active-site geometry in the absence of methionine Sδ interactions with the metal site to be revealed and the role of Met405 in catalysis to be probed. This variant displayed reduced activity in both formate oxidation and CO2 reduction, together with an increased sensitivity to oxygen inactivation.

Production and purification of Clostridium perfringens type C beta-toxin and IgG and IgY antitoxins.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to produce and purify Clostridium perfringens type C beta-toxin, sheep anti-beta toxin immunoglobulin G (IgG) and chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY). METHODS: Two methods were used for beta-toxin purification: single-step metal affinity chromatography (MAC) using zinc as a chelator and ion exchange chromatography (IEX). The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens in order to produce IgG and IgY. RESULTS: All assays using the IEX failed. In contrast, MAC purified more than 21 mg of toxin per run in a single-step protocol. The purified and inactivated beta-toxoids were then administered to sheep and chickens, and IgG and IgY were purified with a high yield, medium antibody titer of 50 IU/mL, and high avidity (73.2 %). CONCLUSIONS: C. perfringens type C beta-toxin and sheep or chicken anti-beta toxin IgG and IgY antibodies were successfully produced and purified using a simple protocol. This protocol can be used for the production of components used in the diagnosis and research of necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens type C, as well as for the evaluation of existing vaccines and the development of new preventive methods against this disease.

An allosteric redox switch involved in oxygen protection in a CO2 reductase.

Metal-dependent formate dehydrogenases reduce CO2 with high efficiency and selectivity, but are usually very oxygen sensitive. An exception is Desulfovibrio vulgaris W/Sec-FdhAB, which can be handled aerobically, but the basis for this oxygen tolerance was unknown. Here we show that FdhAB activity is controlled by a redox switch based on an allosteric disulfide bond. When this bond is closed, the enzyme is in an oxygen-tolerant resting state presenting almost no catalytic activity and very low formate affinity. Opening this bond triggers large conformational changes that propagate to the active site, resulting in high activity and high formate affinity, but also higher oxygen sensitivity. We present the structure of activated FdhAB and show that activity loss is associated with partial loss of the metal sulfido ligand. The redox switch mechanism is reversible in vivo and prevents enzyme reduction by physiological formate levels, conferring a fitness advantage during O2 exposure.

Depressive symptoms and associated factors in elderly residents of Homes for the Aged / Síntomas depresivos y factores asociados en personas mayores que viven en una institución de cuidados a largo plazo / Sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em idosos residentes em instituição de longa permanência

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em pessoas maiores que vivem em instituições de cuidados de longo prazo (ILPI). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com desenho transversal composto por indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas três ILPI públicas da cidade de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde se verificaram aspectos sociodemográficos; vermelho de apoio e condições de saúde.Para detectar sintomas depressivos foi utilizado o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM).O presente estudo associa uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados. . , com prevalência do sexo masculino (39,4%). Hubo associação significativa entre os sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: dor (p=0,006) e limitações de movimento (p=0,003). Com base na apresentação, é necessário criar e implementar políticas públicas e acompanhamento desses pacientes, que permitam o tratamento e prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em pessoas maiores que vivem em instituições de cuidados de longo prazo (ILPI). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com desenho transversal composto por indivíduos de 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas três ILPI públicas da cidade de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde se verificaram aspectos sociodemográficos; vermelho de apoio e condições de saúde.Para detectar sintomas depressivos foi utilizado o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM).O presente estudo associa uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados. . . , com prevalência do sexo masculino (39,4%). Hubo associação significativa entre os sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: dor (p=0,006) e limitações de movimento (p=0,003). Com base na apresentação, é necessário criar e implementar políticas públicas e acompanhamento desses pacientes, que permitam o tratamento e prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

O objetivo desse artigo é identificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência (ILPIs). Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com delineamento transversal composto por indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, residentes nas dez ILPIs públicas do município de São Paulo - SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de julho de 2016 a fevereiro de 2019, por meio de um questionário, onde foram verificados os aspectos sociodemográficos; rede de apoio e as condições de saúde. Para detecção de sintomas depressivos foi utilizada o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB) e o estado cognitivo foi avaliado pelo Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). O presente estudo identificou uma prevalência de sintomas de depressão em 75,7% dos entrevistados, com predomínio do sexo masculino (39,4%). Houve associação significante entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: de dor (p=0,006) e limitação do movimento (p=0,003). Através do que foi observado, se faz necessário a criação e implementação de políticas públicas e o acompanhamento desses pacientes, que possibilitem o tratamento e a prevenção dessas condições variáveis.

Access to reconstructive plastic surgery for patients undergoing bariatric surgery in the Unified Health System (SUS).

INTRODUCTION: obesity is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and the most effective treatment to it is the bariatric surgery. One of the negative impacts of this procedure is the body dysmorphia caused by overhanging skin. In Brazil, the national health system - Sistema Único de Sáude (SUS) - provide body contouring surgery to treat post-bariatric patients, since 2007. This article aims to describe the Brazilian public health approach to post bariatric patients and perform an analyze in the Brazilian health care database. METHODS: in Brazilian Health System database, a search for the post-bariatric procedures performed between 2007 to 2021 was done. The variables analyzed were geographic location, year, mean days of hospitalization, death, and mortality rate. Also, we evaluated the number of bariatric procedures done in the same period. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student-t and the chi-square tests and p-value <0.5 was considered significant. RESULTS: a total of 12,717 plastic surgery procedures in post bariatric patients were done, with a national prevalence of 13.8%. Dermolipectomy was the most performed procedure, with 6,719. The years of 2020 and 2021 suffered a decreased of 64.3% and 70.9% in the number of surgeries (p<0,001). Bariatric Procedures had a high rate and a higher percentage of growth comparing to post bariatric surgery (p<0,001), totalizing 93,589 surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Brazil had a significant number of body contouring surgery, however with a low prevalence. Dermoliepctomy was the most common procedure performed. We could notice a significant impact of COVID pandemic in those procedures .

Histological, Laboratorial, and Clinical Benefits of an Optimized Maintenance Strategy of a Potential Organ Donor-A Rabbit Experimental Model.

INTRODUCTION: Most transplanted organs are obtained from brain-dead donors. Inflammation results in a higher rate of rejection. Objectives: The objective of this animal model of brain death (BD) was to evaluate the effect of the progressive institution of volume expansion, norepinephrine, and combined hormone therapy on clinical, laboratory, and histological aspects. Methods: Twenty rabbits were divided: A (control), B (induction of BD + infusion of crystalloid), C (BD + infusion of crystalloid and noradrenaline (NA)), and D (BD + infusion of crystalloid + vasopressin + levothyroxine + methylprednisolone + NA). The animals were monitored for four hours with consecutives analysis of vital signs and blood samples. The organs were evaluated by a pathologist. Results: In Group D, we observed fewer number and lesser volume of infusions (p = 0.032/0.014) when compared with groups B and C. Mean arterial pressure levels were higher in group D when compared with group B (p = 0.008). Group D had better glycemic control when compared with group C (p = 0.016). Sodium values were elevated in group B in relation to groups C and D (p = 0.021). In Group D, the organ perfusion was better. Conclusion: The optimized strategy of management of BD animals is associated with better hemodynamic, glycemic, and natremia control, besides reducing early signs of ischemia.

Quality of life of Brazilian plastic surgeons / Qualidade de vida dos cirurgiões plásticos brasileiros

Introduction: Medical quality of life (QoL) is an international object of study. Brazilian Plastic Surgeons QoL hasn`t yet been assessed, with few studies to perform any evaluation on the subject or estimate variables involved. Methods: This is a transversal, non-comparative, non-experimental, contemporary and of full selection study. An on-line research was performed between July and December in 2021, through the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire application, added with social-demographic information. The population will be composed of plastic surgery residents and surgeons associated with the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP). Results: We obtained 168 answers via Google Forms®, which allowed us to determine our population through social- demographic questionnaire and make associations with the WHOQOL-bref findings. Conclusion: The current study identified correlations between sociodemographics and quality of life of the Brazilian plastic surgeon. We bring forward descriptive data on a subpopulation of responders inside the SBCP, which achieved a score positively higher than 50% in all of the questionnaire domains.

Introdução: A qualidade de vida (QV) dos médicos é objeto de atenção e de estudo internacionalmente. A QV dos cirurgiões plásticos do Brasil ainda não foi avaliada e não existem descrições das nuances e variáveis que estão mais ou menos relacionadas com a QV dos mesmos. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de seleção completa, não comparado, não experimental, contemporâneo. Pesquisa foi realizada on-line, entre julho e dezembro de 2021, por meio da aplicação do questionário WHOQOL-bref aos médicos residentes da especialização em cirurgia plástica e médicos cirurgiões plásticos associados à Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP). As características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais serão relacionadas à QV. Resultados: Obtivemos 168 respostas dos formulários preenchidos via Google Forms®, o que possibilitou determinar a população estudada pelo questionário sociodemográfico e realizar as associações com os achados do WHOQOL-bref. Conclusão: O presente estudo identificou associação de fatores sociodemográficos à qualidade de vida do cirurgião plástico brasileiro. Delimitamos uma população específica dentro dos participantes da SBCP, a qual pontuou acima de 50% positivamente em todos os domínios do questionário.

Subacute high-refined carbohydrate diet leads to abnormal reproductive control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in female rats.

We previously reported that female rats placed on a diet containing refined carbohydrates (HCD) resulted in obesity and reproductive abnormalities, such as high serum LH concentration and abnormal ovarian function. However, the impacts at the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) function, specifically regarding pathways linked to reproductive axis modulation are unknown. In this study, we assessed whether subacute feeding with HCD results in abnormal reproductive control in the HP axis. Female rats were fed with HCD for 15 days and reproductive HP axis morphophysiology was assessed. HCD reduced hypothalamic mRNA expression (Kiss1, Lepr, and Amhr2) and increased pituitary LHß+ cells. These changes likely contribute to the increase in serum LH concentration observed in HCD. Blunted estrogen negative feedback was observed in HCD, with increased kisspeptin protein expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), lower LHß+ cells and LH concentration in ovariectomized (OVX)+HCD rats. Thus, these data suggest that HCD feeding led to female abnormal reproductive control of HP axis.

Clinical outcomes of epithelial ingrowth following laser in situ keratomileusis with mechanical debridement and compressed heating air flow: a case series / Resultado visual do tratamento do crescimento epitelial após laser in situ ceratomileuse através da remoção mecânica e aplicação de ar comprimido aquecido: série de casos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe the clinical outcomes of manual scraping of epithelial ingrowth followed by compressed heating air flow after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: We underwent a retrospective, noncomparative, and interventional case series. Twenty eyes of 17 patients were included in this study. Each patient with a history of LASIK underwent epithelial removal with mechanical debridement followed by compressed heating air flow. Our primary outcome was the recurrence of epithelial ingrowth after 3 months of follow-up, while our secondary outcomes were uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, and complications after surgery. Results: Ten patients (58.8%) were male, and eight eyes of seven (41.2%) patients underwent primary LASIK surgery, while12 eyes of 10 patients had flap-lift retreatment LASIK; sixteen eyes (80.0%) underwent mechanical microkeratome LASIK and four (20.0%) underwent femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK. Mean age at surgical removal of epithelial ingrowth was 37.0 years ± 9.3 years (range 24 to 55 years). There was recurrence of ingrowth in two eyes (10%) after 3 months of follow-up. The mean corrected distance visual acuity of patients before surgery was 0.07 ± 0.09 logMAR, and after the last follow-up was 0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR (p=0.06). The odds ratio of presenting with epithelial ingrowth after LASIK enhancement compared to primary LASIK was 29.41. Conclusion: Manual scraping followed by compressed heating air flow is a safe and effective treatment of clinically significant epithelial ingrowth after LASIK. At the last follow-up, no eye lost any line in corrected distance visual acuity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados clínicos do tratamento do crescimento epitelial através da técnica de remoção manual seguido da utilização de um compressor de ar comprimido aquecido após a cirurgia de laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Métodos: Vinte olhos de 17 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Cada paciente havia sido submetido a cirurgia de LASIK com presença de crescimento epitelial e foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico para sua retirada. O objetivo primário foi identificar a presença de crescimento epitelial recorrente ao final de 3 meses de seguimento. Os objetivos secundários foram as medidas de acuidade visual sem correção, acuidade visual com correção, e complicações pós-operatórias. Resultados: Dez pacientes (58,8%) eram homens e 7 mulheres. Oito olhos de sete (41,2%) pacientes apresentavam cirurgia de LASIK primária e 12 olhos de 10 pacientes tinham cirurgia de LASIK com retratamento; dezesseis olhos (80%) utilizaram microcerátomo manual e quatro (20%) laser de femtosegundo. A média de idade no momento da cirurgia de remoção do epitélio era de 37,0 anos ± 9,3 (DP) (variando de 24 a 55 anos). Ocorreu recidiva do crescimento epithelial em dois olhos (10%) após 3 meses de seguimento. A acuidade visual sem correção antes da cirurgia era de 0,07 ± 0,09 logMAR, e após a cirurgia passou para 0,02 ± 0,04 logMAR (p=0,06). A chance (odds ration) de aparecimento do crescimento epithelial após uma reoperação de LASIK é 29,41 vezes maior do que no LASIK primário. Conclusão: A técnica de remoção epitelial manual seguida da utilização de ar comprimido aquecido é segura e efetiva no tratamento do crescimento epitelial após LASIK. Ao final do último acompanhamento, nenhum olho apresentou perda de linhas de visão.

Central growth hormone action regulates neuroglial and proinflammatory markers in the hypothalamus of male mice.

Growth hormone (GH) action in specific neuronal populations regulates neuroendocrine responses, metabolism, and behavior. However, the potential role of central GH action on glial function is less understood. The present study aims to determine how the hypothalamic expression of several neuroglial markers is affected by central GH action in male mice. The dwarf GH- and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-deficient Ghrhrlit/lit mice showed decreased mRNA expression of Nes (Nestin), Gfap, Iba1, Adgre1 (F4/80), and Tnf (TNFα) in the hypothalamus, compared to wild-type animals. In contrast, transgenic overexpression of GH led to high serum GH and IGF-1 levels, and increased hypothalamic expression of Nes, Gfap, Adgre1, Iba1, and Rax. Hepatocyte-specific GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice, which are characterized by high serum GH levels, but reduced IGF-1 secretion, showed increased mRNA expression of Gfap, Iba1, Tnf, and Sox10, demonstrating that the increase in GH levels alters the hypothalamic expression of glial markers associated with neuroinflammation, independently of IGF-1. Conversely, brain-specific GHR knockout mice showed reduced expression of Gfap, Adgre1, and Vim (vimentin), indicating that brain GHR signaling is necessary to mediate GH-induced changes in the expression of several neuroglial markers. In conclusion, the hypothalamic mRNA levels of several neuroglial markers associated with inflammation are directly modulated by GHR signaling in male mice.

Particle drift simulation from mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl mixture through two nozzle types to field and vegetable crops.

Potential for off-target movements follows every herbicide application. Because the launch of acetolactate synthase (ALS)- and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide-tolerant crops will increase the treated area, there is a need to assess the possible negative consequences of any particle drift from those herbicides. Drift happens with every pesticide application, requiring mitigation. Various factors influence drift. Some, such as nozzle type, working pressure, and boom height, can be managed. Others, such as wind, are not easy to manage. In our study, an herbicide tank mixture of mesotrione with rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl was sprayed in a low-speed wind tunnel to simulate drift. The airspeed was set at 4.4 m s-1, representing the labeled upper limit for applications. The herbicide solution was sprayed through XR110015 and TTI110015 nozzles. Eight crops were exposed to herbicide drift treatments and biomass data were collected. Droplet size spectra and tracer depositions were evaluated. Tracer deposition was on average threefold higher in all downwind distances (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 m) from the XR nozzle in comparison to the TTI nozzle. As a consequence, greater biomass reduction was recorded for applications with the XR compared to the TTI nozzle from 1 to 12 m downwind. At 12-m distance, biomass was decreased by 7-78% using XR nozzle while 1-27% using the TTI nozzle. Because drift can injure crops, it is very important to mitigate drift from application of formulations containing mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl in combination. This can be done by selecting the appropriate nozzle and ensuring optimal distances between crops.

Clinical outcomes of epithelial ingrowth following laser in situ keratomileusis with mechanical debridement and compressed heating air flow: a case series.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical outcomes of manual scraping of epithelial ingrowth followed by compressed heating air flow after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: We underwent a retrospective, noncomparative, and interventional case series. Twenty eyes of 17 patients were included in this study. Each patient with a history of LASIK underwent epithelial removal with mechanical debridement followed by compressed heating air flow. Our primary outcome was the recurrence of epithelial ingrowth after 3 months of follow-up, while our secondary outcomes were uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, and complications after surgery. RESULTS: Ten patients (58.8%) were male, and eight eyes of seven (41.2%) patients underwent primary LASIK surgery, while12 eyes of 10 patients had flap-lift retreatment LASIK; sixteen eyes (80.0%) underwent mechanical microkeratome LASIK and four (20.0%) underwent femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK. Mean age at surgical removal of epithelial ingrowth was 37.0 years ± 9.3 years (range 24 to 55 years). There was recurrence of ingrowth in two eyes (10%) after 3 months of follow-up. The mean corrected distance visual acuity of patients before surgery was 0.07 ± 0.09 logMAR, and after the last follow-up was 0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR (p=0.06). The odds ratio of presenting with epithelial ingrowth after LASIK enhancement compared to primary LASIK was 29.41. CONCLUSION: Manual scraping followed by compressed heating air flow is a safe and effective treatment of clinically significant epithelial ingrowth after LASIK. At the last follow-up, no eye lost any line in corrected distance visual acuity.

Access to reconstructive plastic surgery for patients undergoing bariatric surgery in the Unified Health System (SUS) / Acesso à cirurgia plástica reparadora para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)

ABSTRACT Introduction: obesity is one of the most common diseases worldwide, and the most effective treatment to it is the bariatric surgery. One of the negative impacts of this procedure is the body dysmorphia caused by overhanging skin. In Brazil, the national health system - Sistema Único de Sáude (SUS) - provide body contouring surgery to treat post-bariatric patients, since 2007. This article aims to describe the Brazilian public health approach to post bariatric patients and perform an analyze in the Brazilian health care database. Methods: in Brazilian Health System database, a search for the post-bariatric procedures performed between 2007 to 2021 was done. The variables analyzed were geographic location, year, mean days of hospitalization, death, and mortality rate. Also, we evaluated the number of bariatric procedures done in the same period. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student-t and the chi-square tests and p-value <0.5 was considered significant. Results: a total of 12,717 plastic surgery procedures in post bariatric patients were done, with a national prevalence of 13.8%. Dermolipectomy was the most performed procedure, with 6,719. The years of 2020 and 2021 suffered a decreased of 64.3% and 70.9% in the number of surgeries (p<0,001). Bariatric Procedures had a high rate and a higher percentage of growth comparing to post bariatric surgery (p<0,001), totalizing 93,589 surgeries. Conclusions: Brazil had a significant number of body contouring surgery, however with a low prevalence. Dermoliepctomy was the most common procedure performed. We could notice a significant impact of COVID pandemic in those procedures .

RESUMO Introdução: obesidade é uma das doenças mais comuns do mundo e a cirurgia bariátrica é o tratamento mais eficaz até o momento. Um dos impactos negativos do procedimento é o dismorfismo corporal causado pelo excesso cutâneo. No Brasil, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) promove cirurgia de contorno corporal para tratar pacientes com perda ponderal maciça desde 2007. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a abordagem do SUS para pacientes pós-bariátricos através de análise do banco de dados do próprio sistema. Métodos: foi realizada pesquisa no banco de dados do SUS para procedimentos em pós-bariátricos entre 2007 e 2021. As variáveis analisadas foram localização geográfica, ano, tempo médio de internação, morte e taxa de mortalidade. Também analisamos o número de procedimentos bariátricos realizados no mesmo período. Análise estatística foi realizada utilizando os testes t de Student e do Qui-Quadrado, considerando valor p<0,5 como significante. Resultados: um total de 12.717 procedimentos de cirurgia plástica foram realizados em pacientes pós-bariátricos, com prevalência nacional de 13,8%. Dermolipectomia foi o procedimento mais realizado, com um total de 6.719. Nos anos de 2020 e 2021 houve um decréscimo de 64,3 e 70,9% no total de cirurgias, respectivamente (p<0,001). Procedimentos bariátricos tiveram maior número total e taxa de crescimento maiores do que cirurgia pós-bariátricas (p<0,001), totalizando 93.589 cirurgias. Conclusões: houve um número significativo de cirurgias de contorno corporal no Brasil, embora com baixa prevalência. Dermolipectomia foi o procedimento mais realizado. Notamos impacto significativo da pandemia Sars-CoV-2 no total de procedimentos realizados.

As dificuldades na amamentação de recém-nascidos: análise quanto à via de parto / Difficulties in newborn breastfeeding: analysis regarding the delivery route

A amamentação é uma prática recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde devido aos seus inúmeros benefícios para mãe e recém-nascido, porém seu estabelecimento e manutenção vêm sendo um grande desafio nos dias atuais. Objetivo: Identificar comportamentos indicativos de dificuldades maternas e neonatais relacionadas à amamentação considerando a via de parto. Casuística e Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 240 binômios mãe-bebê, por amostragem aleatória simples e os dados obtidos através da aplicação do instrumento de observação e avaliação da mamada, proposto pelo Fundo das Nações Unidas para Infância (Unicef), com realização de entrevista semiestruturada e coleta de dados complementares por análise documental de prontuários. Estes foram analisados pelo programa SPSS versão 3.5 por meio do teste X2, exato de Fisher e aplicada a correção de Yates quando cabível, sendo os resultados estatisticamente significativos quando p<0,05. Resultados: Constatou-se no estudo uma elevada prevalência de participantes com comportamentos indicativos de dificuldades, sendo "posição" e "sucção" os mais prevalentes. Foram encontradas, ainda, significativas associações entre parto normal e comportamentos favoráveis à amamentação relacionados ao aspecto "resposta", assim como entre cesárea e comportamentos favoráveis relacionados à "posição". Conclusão: Foi possível identificar comportamentos sugestivos de dificuldades durante a amamentação, auxiliando a população, oportunizando reflexões e fornecendo subsídios para profissionais da saúde no incentivo e promoção do aleitamento materno

Breastfeeding is a practice recommended by the World Health Organization due to its numerous benefits for mother and newborn, but its establishment and maintenance have been a major challenge nowadays. Objective: To identify behaviors that indicate maternal and neonatal difficulties related to breastfeeding, considering the mode of delivery. Casuistry and Methods: The sample consisted of 240 mother-baby binomials, by simple random sampling and the data obtained through the application of the instrument of observation and evaluation of breastfeeding, proposed by the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef), with the performance of semi-structured interview and collection of complementary data through document analysis of medical records. These were analyzed using the SPSS version 3.5 program using Fisher's exact X2 test and Yates correction was applied when applicable, with statistically significant results when p<0.05. Results: The study found a high prevalence of participants with behaviors indicative of difficulties, with "position" and "sucking" being the most prevalent. Significant associations were also found between vaginal delivery and favorable breastfeeding behaviors related to the "response" aspect, as well as between cesarean sections and favorable behaviors related to "position". Conclusion: It was possible to identify behaviors that suggest difficulties during breastfeeding, helping the population, providing opportunities for reflection and providing subsidies for health professionals in encouraging and promoting breastfeeding

Relação entre iniquidade racial e violência obstétrica no parto / Relation between racial inequality and obstetric violence in childbirth

A iniquidade racial é a desigualdade em oportunidades e condições de vida que acontece em decorrência da etnia de uma pessoa. Indivíduos pretos, pardos e indígenas são modelos de povos que resistem aos desafios subsequentes dos processos históricos de segregação. Objetivo: Verificar a influência dos aspectos raciais na prática de violência obstétrica na atenção ao parto e nascimento. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal, com coleta de dados prospectiva, realizado em uma maternidade pública na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás. Resultados: Pode-se determinar um cuidado menos satisfatórios para as mulheres negras quando comparado com as brancas para a maioria dos indicadores avaliados neste estudo. Mulheres pretas e pardas têm maior chance de sofrerem manobra de Kristeller, amniotomia precoce, privação alimentar no trabalho de parto, clampeamento imediato do cordão umbilical e menor chance de contato pele a pele e de ser ofertado métodos não farmacológicos para o alívio da dor. Conclusão: O fator raça/cor influencia no tratamento em que as mulheres recebem dentro do estabelecimento de saúde.

Racial inequity is inequality in opportunities and living conditions that occurs as a result of a person's ethnicity. Black, brown and indigenous individuals are models of peoples who resist the subsequent challenges of historical processes of segregation. Objective: To verify the influence of racial aspects in the practice of obstetric violence in labor and birth care. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, with prospective data collection, carried out in a public maternity hospital in the city of Goiânia, Goiás. Results: Less satisfactory care can be determined for black women when compared to white women for most of the indicators evaluated in this study. Black and brown women are more likely to undergo the Kristeller maneuver, early amniotomy, food deprivation during labor, immediate clamping of the umbilical cord and less chance of skin-to-skin contact and being offered non-pharmacological methods for pain relief. Conclusion: The race/color factor alone influences the treatment that women receive within the health establishment.

Buffering Capacity and Effects of Sodium Hexametaphosphate Nanoparticles and Fluoride on the Inorganic Components of Cariogenic-Related Biofilms In Vitro.

Despite the remarkable effects of sodium hexametaphosphate nanoparticles (HMPnano) on dental enamel de-/re-mineralization processes, information on the effects of these nanoparticles on biofilms is scarce. This study assessed the effects of HMPnano, with or without fluoride (F), on the inorganic components and pH of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. Solutions containing conventional/micro-sized HMP (HMPmicro) or HMPnano were prepared at 0.5% and 1%, with or without 1100 ppm F. A 1100 ppm F solution and pure artificial saliva were tested as positive and negative controls, respectively. The biofilms were treated three times and had their pH analyzed, and the concentrations of F, calcium, phosphorus, and HMP in the biofilm biomass and fluid were determined. In another set of experiments, after the last treatment, the biofilms were exposed to a 20% sucrose solution, and the biofilm pH and inorganic components were evaluated. The 1% HMPnano solution with F led to the highest biofilm pH, even after exposure to sucrose. The 1% HMPnano solution without F led to significantly higher phosphorus concentrations in comparison to all other groups. It can be concluded that 1% HMPnano and F influenced the biofilm pH, besides affecting most of the inorganic components of the dual-species biofilms.

Data collected by citizen scientists reveal the role of climate and phylogeny on the frequency of shelter types used by frogs across the Americas.

Shelters are microhabitats where animals rest and hide. These microhabitats can be used from short daily periods to long-term estivation or hibernation. Environmental conditions and the phenotypical characteristics of the animal drive habitat selection in relation to shelters. Based on this, climate regions and phylogeny are expected to affect the use of different shelter types. Although shelters are yet to be described for most anuran species, a variety of microhabitats have already been reported as shelter-sites, including dense vegetation, rock crevices, and holes in the ground. In this study, we evaluated photos of frogs for sheltering behaviour from 29 countries in the Americas deposited on the popular citizen-science platform, iNaturalist. We compared the frequency of use of different shelter types identified on the photos among different climate regions and anuran families, also testing possible phylogenetic signals. We identified 11,133 photographs of 378 frog species showing individuals hiding in shelters or in a resting position. We classified observations into 10 shelter types, with live vegetation (24.7 %) being the most commonly recorded natural shelter, followed by hole in the ground (11.4 %) and tree trunk (11.1 %). The use of different shelter types varied between arid and humid climates, and also among different anuran families. We found strong phylogenetic signal for three shelter types (hole in the ground, live vegetation, and water) and the differences in shelter use among taxa suggest a relation with body characteristics. Approximately 47 % of observations of threatened and near threatened species were in hole in the ground, while artificial habitat represented only 3.6 % of the observations in this group. The daily pattern of shelter use corroborated the nocturnal activity of most species. Our findings also expanded the description of shelter sites for 330 species that had no published information on this behaviour. This study contributes to our current knowledge about animal behaviour and highlights the use of citizen science as an effective approach to understand the natural history of amphibians at a large scale.

Socs3 ablation in kisspeptin cells partially prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced body weight loss.

Many cytokines have been proposed to regulate reproduction due to their actions on hypothalamic kisspeptin cells, the main modulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Hormones such as leptin, prolactin and growth hormone are good examples of cytokines that lead to Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway activation, consequently exerting effects in kisspeptin neurons. Different studies have investigated how specific components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway affect the functions of kisspeptin cells, but the role of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in mediating cytokine actions in kisspeptin cells remains unknown. Cre-Loxp technology was used in the present study to ablate Socs3 expression in kisspeptin cells (Kiss1/Socs3-KO). Then, male and female control and Kiss1/Socs3-KO mice were evaluated for sexual maturation, energy homeostasis features, and fertility. It was found that hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA expression is significantly downregulated in Kiss1/Socs3-KO mice. Despite reduced hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA content, these mice did not present any sexual maturation or fertility impairments. Additionally, body weight gain, leptin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were similar to control mice. Interestingly, Kiss1/Socs3-KO mice were partially protected against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced body weight loss. Our results suggest that Socs3 ablation in kisspeptin cells partially prevents the sickness behavior induced by LPS, suggesting that kisspeptin cells can modulate energy metabolism in mice in certain situations.

In vitro antimicrobial effects of chitosan on microcosm biofilms of oral candidiasis.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of chitosan (CS) on microcosm biofilms derived from saliva of patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis. METHODS: Five removable denture wearers with denture stomatitis were included in the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS against clinical isolates of Candida albicans was determined according to the broth microdilution method. Pooled saliva from the donors was used as an inoculum for the formation of biofilms, which were developed during 72 h on acrylic surfaces in the Amsterdam Active Attachment model. The biofilms were then treated with different concentrations of CS, and the antibiofilm effects were evaluated through the quantification of colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass (TB), metabolic activity (MA), lactic acid production (LAP), and cell viability (by confocal laser scanning microscopy). Chlorhexidine, miconazole, and nystatin were tested as positive controls, while the negative control (NC) was the untreated biofilm. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Fischer LSD's post hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS: MIC values of CS ranged from 500 to 800 µg/mL. For CFUs, 2500 µg/mL CS was the most effective treatment in reducing total anaerobes, mutans streptococci, and Lactobacillus spp., significantly differing from the controls. For C. albicans CFUs, CS and positive controls did not differ from each other but led to significant reductions compared to NC. Regarding TB, MA, LAP, and cell viability, 2500 µg/mL CS promoted the greatest reductions compared to NC. CONCLUSION: CS has similar or superior effects to conventional active principles on important parameters of oral candidiasis microcosm biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The antibiofilm effects of CS show that this compound has great potential to improve the clinical condition of denture stomatitis patients, and formulations containing this natural polymer could be useful for controlling oral candidiasis.